The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated risk factors during the initial stage among the general population in India.
Identifieur interne : 000064 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000063; suivant : 000065The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated risk factors during the initial stage among the general population in India.
Auteurs : Mythili Hazarika [Inde] ; Shyamanta Das [Inde] ; Samrat Singh Bhandari [Inde] ; Phulen Sharma [Inde]Source :
- Open journal of psychiatry & allied sciences [ 2394-2053 ] ; 2021.
Abstract
Background
In the absence of treatment and unclear prognosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself, and public health measures like lockdown enforced by the government to limit the spread of the virus poses a threat to the psychological health of the general population.
Aim
To assess the psychological status of the Indian population during the initial phase of lockdown.
Method
It was a cross-sectional online survey where the questionnaire was disbursed by snowballing. The link to the survey was shared in different social networking platforms between 6th and 22nd of April 2020. The questionnaire collected responses related to the sociodemographic variables, exposure history, precautionary measures used, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) score.
Results
A total of 541 participants responded to the questionnaire. Only 422 respondents' responses from 23 states of India who completed the questionnaire were included for assessment. The mean age of the participants was 30.5 (SD=10.9) years. Female constituted 60.4% (n=255) of the respondents. The pre-existing medical illness that the respondents had were diabetes mellitus, four per cent (n=17), hypertension, five per cent (n=21), thyroid dysfunction, nine per cent (n=38), and mental illness, five per cent (n=21). The median (IQR) of the DASS-21 item scale was found to be 16 (4-32). The percentage of the respondents who reported stress was 35.5% (n=149), anxiety, 32% (n=135), and depression, 34.7% (n=146). Respondents with sociodemographic variables like being single, student status, competed education till graduation, homemakers, working in public sector, and history of mental illness were more likely to experience stress, anxiety, and depression. A majority of the respondents were practicing hand hygiene and social distancing. Respondents who were unaware of their exposure status were more likely to have depression.
Conclusion
The Indian population is experiencing the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which may increase with the spread of the infection. India needs to gear up to face mental health consequences. People with a pre-existing physical and psychological illness needs extra care and precaution to prevent any relapse or development of complications.
DOI: 10.5958/2394-2061.2021.00009.4
PubMed: 33123627
PubMed Central: PMC7591145
Affiliations:
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xml:lang="en">The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated risk factors during the initial stage among the general population in India.</title><author><name sortKey="Hazarika, Mythili" sort="Hazarika, Mythili" uniqKey="Hazarika M" first="Mythili" last="Hazarika">Mythili Hazarika</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Gauhati Medical College Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Gauhati Medical College Hospital, Guwahati, Assam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Shyamanta" sort="Das, Shyamanta" uniqKey="Das S" first="Shyamanta" last="Das">Shyamanta Das</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Gauhati Medical College Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Gauhati Medical College Hospital, Guwahati, Assam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bhandari, Samrat Singh" sort="Bhandari, Samrat Singh" uniqKey="Bhandari S" first="Samrat Singh" last="Bhandari">Samrat Singh Bhandari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sikkim</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Phulen" sort="Sharma, Phulen" uniqKey="Sharma P" first="Phulen" last="Sharma">Phulen Sharma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chandigarh</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Open journal of psychiatry & allied sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">2394-2053</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Background</b></p><p>In the absence of treatment and unclear prognosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself, and public health measures like lockdown enforced by the government to limit the spread of the virus poses a threat to the psychological health of the general population.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Aim</b></p><p>To assess the psychological status of the Indian population during the initial phase of lockdown.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Method</b></p><p>It was a cross-sectional online survey where the questionnaire was disbursed by snowballing. The link to the survey was shared in different social networking platforms between 6th and 22nd of April 2020. The questionnaire collected responses related to the sociodemographic variables, exposure history, precautionary measures used, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) score.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Results</b></p><p>A total of 541 participants responded to the questionnaire. Only 422 respondents' responses from 23 states of India who completed the questionnaire were included for assessment. The mean age of the participants was 30.5 (SD=10.9) years. Female constituted 60.4% (n=255) of the respondents. The pre-existing medical illness that the respondents had were diabetes mellitus, four per cent (n=17), hypertension, five per cent (n=21), thyroid dysfunction, nine per cent (n=38), and mental illness, five per cent (n=21). The median (IQR) of the DASS-21 item scale was found to be 16 (4-32). The percentage of the respondents who reported stress was 35.5% (n=149), anxiety, 32% (n=135), and depression, 34.7% (n=146). Respondents with sociodemographic variables like being single, student status, competed education till graduation, homemakers, working in public sector, and history of mental illness were more likely to experience stress, anxiety, and depression. A majority of the respondents were practicing hand hygiene and social distancing. Respondents who were unaware of their exposure status were more likely to have depression.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Conclusion</b></p><p>The Indian population is experiencing the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which may increase with the spread of the infection. India needs to gear up to face mental health consequences. People with a pre-existing physical and psychological illness needs extra care and precaution to prevent any relapse or development of complications.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33123627</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2394-2053</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Jan</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Open journal of psychiatry & allied sciences</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated risk factors during the initial stage among the general population in India.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>31-35</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.5958/2394-2061.2021.00009.4</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="Background" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">In the absence of treatment and unclear prognosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself, and public health measures like lockdown enforced by the government to limit the spread of the virus poses a threat to the psychological health of the general population.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Aim" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">To assess the psychological status of the Indian population during the initial phase of lockdown.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Method" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">It was a cross-sectional online survey where the questionnaire was disbursed by snowballing. The link to the survey was shared in different social networking platforms between 6th and 22nd of April 2020. The questionnaire collected responses related to the sociodemographic variables, exposure history, precautionary measures used, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) score.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Results" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">A total of 541 participants responded to the questionnaire. Only 422 respondents' responses from 23 states of India who completed the questionnaire were included for assessment. The mean age of the participants was 30.5 (SD=10.9) years. Female constituted 60.4% (n=255) of the respondents. The pre-existing medical illness that the respondents had were diabetes mellitus, four per cent (n=17), hypertension, five per cent (n=21), thyroid dysfunction, nine per cent (n=38), and mental illness, five per cent (n=21). The median (IQR) of the DASS-21 item scale was found to be 16 (4-32). The percentage of the respondents who reported stress was 35.5% (n=149), anxiety, 32% (n=135), and depression, 34.7% (n=146). Respondents with sociodemographic variables like being single, student status, competed education till graduation, homemakers, working in public sector, and history of mental illness were more likely to experience stress, anxiety, and depression. A majority of the respondents were practicing hand hygiene and social distancing. Respondents who were unaware of their exposure status were more likely to have depression.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Conclusion" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">The Indian population is experiencing the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which may increase with the spread of the infection. India needs to gear up to face mental health consequences. People with a pre-existing physical and psychological illness needs extra care and precaution to prevent any relapse or development of complications.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hazarika</LastName><ForeName>Mythili</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Gauhati Medical College Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Das</LastName><ForeName>Shyamanta</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Gauhati Medical College Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bhandari</LastName><ForeName>Samrat Singh</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sharma</LastName><ForeName>Phulen</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>D43 TW009120</GrantID><Acronym>TW</Acronym><Agency>FIC NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>India</Country><MedlineTA>Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101669582</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2394-2053</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Anxiety</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Depression</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Mental Health</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Public Health</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Declaration of interest: None.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>56</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>31</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>31</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33123627</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5958/2394-2061.2021.00009.4</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7591145</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="mid">NIHMS1620067</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>nihms</pmc-dir>
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